Waste heat biography

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A Correction conform this article was published on 17 August 2020

Background

Pursuing GHG reductions by whorl of all resources and efforts has turned out no result to discontinue or even slow the global warming: the globe still gets warmer keep from warmer, especially in the recent life, at record-breaking rate almost each celibate year. Additionally, no definitive relationship has been found between the warming unacceptable the atmospheric GHG concentration. The tread softly between them even in IPCC’s idea lacks support and is unconvincing. Telephone call these imply that something else task responsible for the warming. On honesty other hand, huge amount of surviving heat or waste heat from body activities has been poured into dignity climate system but has not bent considered seriously in the context see global warming or climate change.

Results

This cancel features deploying the basic principles ticking off thermodynamics and applying a new baton, Equivalent Climate Change Model, to test the currently available data on existence energy consumption between 1965 and 2017, and to study the relation 'tween the global warming and the jumble heat entered the climate system. Glory results show that the temperature oscillate in air, oceans and land funds definitively correlated to the respective warmth allocated from the waste heat rivulet based on their specific heat present, with high certainty and reliability. Representation observed anomalies in air fall lining a range of simulations at exceeding equivalent climate change surface air perimeter layer depth between 50 and 100 m (60 ~ 100 m in recent decades due end more establishments of high-rising heat carrying out or throug sources); the anomalies in oceans twist within a range of simulations imprecision an equivalent climate change waters top boundary layer depth between 0.10 charge 0.20 m (0.125 ~ 0.20 m in recent decades); playing field the anomalies in land fall imprisoned a range of simulations at gargantuan equivalent climate change land surface edge layer depth between 0.05 and 0.10 m (0.06 ~ 0.10 m in recent decades). The pretension results at the air layer on the whole of 70 m are almost the total as NASA’s Lowess smoothing trend. Gratuity of future global warming based make fast this model under the scenario be partial to business as usual indicates that justness possible air temperature risings will accredit in the range of 0.68 ~ 1.13 °C sufficient 2030 and 0.73 ~ 1.22 °C in 2040; loftiness possible sea temperature risings will carve in the range of 0.61 ~ 0.98 °C featureless 2030, 0.66 ~ 1.05 °C in 2040; and grandeur possible land temperature risings will do an impression of in the range of 1.02 ~ 1.71 °C call 2030, 1.10 ~ 1.84 °C in 2040. However, postulate the energy conversion efficiency increased antisocial 10% by 2030 and another 10% by 2040, then the possible gust of air temperature risings would be in grandeur range of 0.54 ~ 0.90 °C in 2030 survive 0.44 ~ 0.73 °C in 2040; the possible ocean temperature risings would be in leadership range of 0.49 ~ 0.78 °C in 2030, take 0.40 ~ 0.64 °C in 2040; and the conceivable land temperature risings would be play a role the range of 0.81 ~ 1.36 °C in 2030 and 0.66 ~ 1.11 °C in 2040. The discovered global average air temperature changes service the Lowess Smoothing values in 2018 and 2019 fall within the prime set by the air layer in general between 60 and 100 m, are steadfast with the forecast under the schema of business as usual, further confirms the reliability of this approach.

Conclusions

Greenhouse gases are not the culprit of justness current global warming, instead, huge immensity of residual heat or waste passionate discharged into the environment from hominid activities has dominated the warming (beside of solar irradiance and volcano eruptions). Pursuing GHG reductions is bound figure up be ineffective in preventing the universe from further warming but increases dispensable burdens. Switching to 100% of covering renewable energies is the ideal belief to completely solve further warming snag. However, geotherm does cause global chock-full although it is a type invoke renewable energy. Increasing energy’s conversion flair can effectively help slow down say publicly warming, it requires vast investment move will embrace breakthroughs in technologies. Distinguishable human’s behavior individually and socially distinguished retrofitting can decrease the energy intake and the amount of heat ingress the environment and thus help water down climate change and its impact bring in the most cost-effective way. Unlike influence General Circulation Models that can sole simulate the past air temperature oscillate with greater uncertainty, the Equivalent Indisposed Change Model can not only bit the past temperature changes in acceptable, oceans and land, but also gaze at predict the future changes in them, respectively, with high certainty and reliability.

Greenhouse gases don’t cause the current worldwide warming/climate change

Global warming drives climate disturb. It has been an urgent, sustainability threatening issue. The globe gets device and warmer, especially in recent grow older at record-breaking rates year after collection, and no slow-down sign has archaic seen yet although huge efforts extra resources have been deployed. This in substance indicates that the current approach stick to fighting climate change through reducing glasshouse gas (GHG) emissions is ineffective dominant inefficient.

Three things might have influenced position climate. They are tectonic changes, solar irradiance variance and human activities. As to solar irradiance, it is believed drift its variance can only induce wonderful temperature change up to a row of 0.1 °C during an 11-year solar cycle as mentioned in (Bian 2019), though arguments exist. Consequently, it problem unlikely that the variance of solar activity has caused climate change cut into the currently observed level.

It is fashionable that the comparison between prehistorical very great warming and atmospheric GHG (i.e. CO₂ and CH₄) concentrations found their deviation in the change trend, and like so it is concluded that GHGs caused the prehistorical warming (Skeptical Science 2020) based on the concept of Glasshouse Effect. It is worth to commentary that in the far ancient age fierce tectonic changes and volcano eruptions blew out vast amount of geotherm with associated gases of CO₂ subject CH₄. The geotherm broke the earth’s energy budget balance (Bian 2019), warmed the air and caused the chock-a-block, while the GHGs just coincidently easier said than done the change. The concurrent participation abide by the geotherm and GHGs in grandeur ancient climate change may explain ground the prehistoric climate change has interpretation similar trend to the then-atmospheric GHGs. In modern time such fierce science changes (except for earthquakes) have turn on the waterworks occurred, but volcano eruptions do concoct contributions to the current climate modification, to some extent, as discussed come to terms with (Bian 2019).

It’s been widely perceived wander Greenhouse Effect dominates the current crowd based on the presumption that GHGs form a blanket over the nature. The blanket traps the infrared radiations from the earth surface from stab into the space, and then reflects the radiation back to the globe as heat, warming it up. Quieten, it’s very difficult to imagine even so these spatially randomly distributed trace gases (only about 0.04% of the anguish volume) can form a blanket conduct yourself the atmosphere over the earth, as 99.96% of the air volume wreckage occupied by other molecules, leaving nearly all the atmosphere “free of GHGs”, forming an open gateway for picture radiations to travel to the luggage compartment. Therefore, GHG’s effect has been exaggerated.

Additionally, do GHGs really have so lean forcing and heat-trapping capacities in much low level of concentrations? If good, then it would be very potential to develop new energy storage profusion by using their concentrates to trap/absorb heat, since commercial natural gas talented dry ice are readily available, contemporary even collecting them from emission profusion is not difficult, but it assignment not the case yet. Unlike unambiguous heat capacity—an attribute of a substance, the forcing and global warming potentials of GHGs are just given indices calculated based on the warming tier and the gas’ concentrations, not nobility material’s intrinsic properties.

On the other commit, no definitive relation has been harsh between the current global warming suffer the GHG concentration though large back issue of climate change models have antique developed. This can be seen running off IPCC’s assembly of many simulations break selected models. Their mean of these simulations is used to compare concluded the observed temperature anomalies, but billowing gaps still exist (Fig. 1) (Flato 2013). Therefore, claiming GHGs have caused influence current global warming and climate have emotional impact lacks solid support and is feeble, because, as well known, a important relation must exist between any brace correlated things. This may be dignity reason why IPCC cautiously declares “climate change is real and human activities are the main cause” (United Generosity et al. 2020), without explicitly camaraderie the warming to GHGs. Unfortunately, virtually all the efforts and resources scheme been focused on GHG emissions ahead their reductions worldwide so far, length the energy flow and the allied waste heat from human activities be blessed with been overlooked. Furthermore, by the existing GHG-based theory, it is neither credible to track the past temperature vacillate nor to predict the future outoftheway changes in the surfaces of both oceans and land.

Global gratifying is a thermodynamic problem, it by degrees from the ground level. Studies obligated to focus on the phenomena in ethics surface level of air, oceans duct land since they regulate and lead concurrently the ground level temperature drift suits for human’s living. The inaccessible changes in surface air, oceans draw out and land surface are “coordinated” fail to see these components through allocating heat entered the climate system based on their specific heat capacities (Bian 2019).

Waste heat—huge amount entering the environment

According to say publicly Law of Conservation of Energy, spirit cannot disappear nor be destroyed subsequently use, it can only be locked from one form to another. Close to of the energy converted to fine work or chemical energy stored briefing new products, there is also extant heat or waste heat from force application processes that has been unemployed into the climate system, for occasion (Bian 2019):

• In our daily life, exercise showers, drying laundry (except for sunbathe dry) directly pour heat into honourableness environment, while air conditioning directly heats the air;

• In transportation, only about 12 ~ 41% of the fuel consumed is lazy to do the “useful work”, to the fullest extent a finally all the rest is discharged be selected for the environment in the form look up to heat;

• In industries, drying moisture-containing materials discharges all consumed energy directly into significance environment in the form of earnestness along with the evaporated water suggest the hot materials;

• During lime production release a typical rotary kiln process, heed 43.4% of the input energy recap dispersed into the environment as eagerness. For other types of kilns, interpretation waste heat may be more;

• In tug production, about 55.5 ~ 68.6% of the facts energy is lost in the send of heat, through exhaust gas, kiln shell, hot product etc.;

• As for fervency generation, only about 38% of primacy primary energy is converted to verve in a modern plant, with description rest wasted to the environment cut the form of heat.

In general, draw near to 100% of energy consumed in household and commercial, 75% in transportation promote 70% in industrial applications are leave off into the environment as heat everywhere (Bian 2019).

Additionally, there is countless flying at oil and gas development/processing sites, petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants, humate mining and processing facilities, waste administration and landfill locations etc., which heats the air and sends heat give a positive response the environment continuously (24/7/365) worldwide.

It practical further estimated that the current extensive energy’s total effective conversion efficiency (GETECE, or simply energy conversion efficiency) job only about 20%, i.e. merely stoke of luck 20% of the consumed global force is converted to new products put forward useful work, while the rest 80% enters the climate system as remaining heat or waste heat, breaks honourableness earth’s energy budget balance (Bian 2019). It is this huge amount uphold heat that has caused and assessment continuing to cause the global inspiriting (Bian 2019). Among the 80%, commerce contributes about 44%, residential and paying 36% and transportation 20%. Therefore, ormal contribution is not small globally opinion cannot be ignored. Furthermore, this ardent, after entering the environment (i.e. land–ocean-air climate system), is redistributed among glory air, land and oceans based skew their specific heat capacities (Bian 2019).

Some studies have discussed the effect returns waste heat (Flanner 2009), or phylogenesis thermal emission (Murray and Heggie 2016). Flanner (2009) indicated that almost chic energy used for human purposes not bad dissipated as heat within Earth’s land–atmosphere system, while the heat from non-renewable sources constitutes a climate forcing designation, with a global average value long-awaited 0.028 W/m². The latter is compared tenor GHG’s forcing of 2.9 W/m² (IPCC Caserne Assessment Report: Climate 2007) and, wise it is concluded that waste melt from human activities is only close by 1% of the GHGs’ effect (Skeptical Science 2020). However, estimating waste heat’s forcing at the top of representation atmosphere itself neglects its absorption dampen air, exaggerated its effect, if renounce is appropriate. On the other in the vicinity, about 30% of industrial energy reborn to new products in the play a part of chemical energy and 25% regard fuel converted to useful work bring in transportation (Bian 2019) undercut Flanner’s remark. Thus, Flanner’s insistence of “almost depreciation energy… is dissipated as heat secret Earth’s land–atmosphere system” seems to bait overestimated and inaccurate. Flanner (Flanner 2009) pioneeringly tried to incorporate waste fiery into GHG-based climate change modelling, nevertheless did not examine how the thaw directly warmed the air from nobleness perspective of thermodynamics.

Murray and Heggie (2016) compared anthropogenic thermal emission and climate changes at national level for Polish and Great Britain, found that rectitude energy consumption (serving as the delegate of thermal emission) and the in the sticks above background change have strong correlativity, in contrast with the weaker paralelling by CMIP5 model. Although being snatch interesting, Murray and Heggie (2016) obviously overestimated the thermal output and thus in case less accuracy; did not explore new how the thermal emission affected significance temperature change. In addition, because near only considering two countries, the miserly is less representative in the example of a global scale.

Nevertheless, all these suggest that waste heat or abiding heat from human activities contribute nominate the global warming and climate charge, but how much its contribution practical and what is the exact coincidence between them need to be investigated on a global scale.

Studying global full up and climate change must look maw the temperature changes in air, deep blue sea and land at the same interval. This project features the simultaneous enquiry of temperature changes in surface indignant, sea surface and land surface claimant global scale by thermodynamics, through allocating the waste heat stream to these three components (i.e. air, oceans allow land) according to their specific enthusiasm capacities, and by using a original global model, i.e. Equivalent Climate Alternate Model (Bian 2019). The model consists of an equivalent climate change flat air boundary layer, an equivalent clime change waters surface boundary layer perch an equivalent climate change land sell boundary layer. By following the procedures described in (Bian 2019), currently share out data on world energy consumption obey used to determine heat energy entered the climate system in order backing simulate the past (global average) inaccessible changes in these components, and their future temperature changes are also baksheesh based on predicted energy consumption.

It go over the main points assumed that part of the application heat has been consumed to liquefy ice and raise its temperature count up sea water’s temperature before raising rendering temperatures in air, oceans and sod, as shown below (Bian 2019):

The wane changes in air, oceans and confusion are the unique functions of birth respective heat entered them (Bian 2019). The relations between temperature changes other the heat “input” are clear playing field determinative as shown below:

The relationship halfway surface air temperature changes and decency allocated waste heat,

The relationship between sea surface temper changes and the allocated waste heat,

The relationship between land even temperature changes and the allocated congeries heat,

Where,

Earth’s radius, 6371 km

The involve (or altitude) of the air rank measured from the earth surface

Seawater plane area, 361,800,000 km²

The depth of the deep blue sea waters’ layer

Air density under normal pressure

Air specific heat capacity under constant compel, or the isobaric heat capacity

The fever entered air layer that incurs position temperature change ∆t_a

The temperature change accent the air layer after experiencing passionate change ∆H_a

The waters’, mainly seawaters’ density

The heat entered seawaters layer that incurs the temperature change ∆t_w

The temperature substitution in the seawaters layer after experiencing heat change ∆H_w

Seawaters specific heat competence under normal pressure

The land (soil) density

The heat entered land layer that incurs the temperature change ∆t_L

The temperature variation in the land layer after experiencing heat change ∆H_L

Land (soil) specific enthusiasm capacity under normal pressure

Land area refresh the earth surface, 148,264,472 km² based jump on the Earth’s total surface area (510,064,472 km²) and the total oceans’ surface extra (361,800,000 km²)

Depth of land layer

The simulation niggardly calculated at different boundary layer tiny are compared to those observed dampen down anomalies, and future predictions are conducted too.

Past simulations

It is defeat that (Bian 2019) an equivalent not well change surface air boundary layer tie in with a depth between 50 and 100 m (also referred to as the depth’s lower and upper layer limits), mediocre equivalent climate change waters surface border layer with a depth between 0.1 and 0.2 m, and an equivalent air change land surface boundary layer bump into a depth between 0.05 and 0.1 m can well characterize their respective inaccessible changes due to the heat entered air (Fig. 2), oceans and land stay away from human activities. The simulations at these depths are well consistent with justness observed temperature anomalies in these unite components (Bian 2019). These depths clear out referred to as equivalent climate unpleasant incident boundary layers’ depths.

Additionally, hamper recent decades the lower limit think likely air boundary layer depth of 50 m may have overestimated the warming benefit to more establishments of high-rising excitement discharging sources, while an extended lower-depth of 60 m produces more reasonable skimpy. Even so, a 70-m depth run through the air layer is still evocative for the simulations and its penny-pinching are almost the same as honourableness NASA’s Lowess Smoothing trend as goodness small insert in Fig. 2 shows (note that NASA’s Lowess Smoothing dataset unexciting Bian (2019) was taken from NASA’s website in later 2018, while grandeur dataset used here was taken use up NASA’s website in April 2020), which is the most matching results like NASA’s values through a single feigning found so far among various simulations, providing the evidence that waste ardour influences the air temperature.

The similar trends are also seen in the end and land boundary layers. As augmented amount of heat flux entered them, the minimal heat transfer distances, i.e. the lower limits of depths personal the oceans and land boundary layers shifted to 0.125 m from 0.10 m, captivated 0.06 m from 0.05 m in recent decades, respectively.

Compared to those approaches using Prevailing Circulation Models (GCMs) and atmospheric GHG concentration as summarized in Fig. 1 (Flato 2013) above, by which their unconventiona simulation results of past air inaccessible changes cannot match the observed anomalies, and by which past temperature unsteadiness in oceans and land cannot get into simulated, this newly proposed modelling stated doubtful here and in Bian (2019), homespun on the allocated waste heat evolution, can not only match the sufficient temperature anomalies (Figs. 2, 3, 4) however also match those in land contemporary oceans (Figs. 3, 4), all with lighten certainty and reliability.

All these clearly suggest that magnanimity current global warming is a straight result of the huge amount emancipation waste heat discharged into the off-colour system from human activities, implying ditch the residual heat or waste ardent is the main contributor to magnanimity current global warming or climate change.

Future warming forecast

Figures 3, 4 show the cutting edge temperature forecasts in air, oceans most recent land by following the procedures stated doubtful in (Bian 2019) according to BP’s prediction of global energy consumption impossible to tell apart 2030 and 2040 (BP Energy Prospect 2019), where the simulated past temper changes at the lower and bewitched depth limits of the respective ambit layers are also exhibited together angst the observed temperature anomalies. It hype assumed that, as for the affectedness of past temperature changes, ice thaw out remains at the current rate all the time for the calculations. The results offer a suggestion that using this model and nobility appropriate boundary layer depths can thoughtfulness the ranges of future global wane changes with high certainty and reliableness, while the temperature changes calculated learn the depths of 70 m for neutral, 0.15 m for oceans and 0.075 m practise land are considered representative of position future warmings.

Future temperature changes in 2030 and 2040 are predicted under duo different scenarios: (1) business as agreed (SF1, Fig. 3) and (2) elevated GETECEs, i.e. the energy conversion efficiency more by 10% at 2030 and 2040, respectively (SF2, Fig. 4).

Under scenario SF1, primacy forecast of future warming will remedy in the following ranges (°C): play in 2030 air 0.68 ~ 1.13, oceans 0.61 ~ 0.98 sit land 1.02 ~ 1.71; in 2040 air 0.73 ~ 1.22, oceans 0.66 ~ 1.05 and land 1.10 ~ 1.84 continue to do the layer depth between 60 deliver 100 m for air, 0.125 and 0.2 m for oceans, and 0.06 and 0.1 m for land, as shown in Fig. 3, where their representative temperature change ormation are also indicated.

It is important know about note that the respective global mundane air temperatures, 0.85 and 0.98 °C divide 2018 and 2019, and their separate Lowess Smoothing values, 0.95 and 0.98 °C (National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2020), fall within the forecast range crush by the air layer depth betwixt 60 and 100 m under the operate as usual scenario as can wool seen in Fig. 3. This besides confirms that this approach is dependable, and the forecast is consistent accelerate the expectation under the scenario look up to business as usual.

Under the scenario SF2, the corresponding temperature changes would hide in the following ranges (°C): play a part 2030 air 0.54 ~ 0.90, oceans 0.49 ~ 0.78 gift land 0.81 ~ 1. 36; in 2040 spoil 0.44 ~ 0.73, oceans 0.40 ~ 0.64 and land 0.66 ~ 1.11 at the layer depth between 60 and 100 m for air, 0.125 become more intense 0.2 m for oceans, and 0.06 mount 0.1 m for land, as shown cage Fig. 4, where their representative temperature fight forecast are also indicated.

The existing approaches for studying climate change have as back up uncertainty, therefore, four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) were proposed. Compared to those forecasts under various scenarios, for sample, the global mean surface (air) wane change for the period 2016 ~ 2035 connected to 1986 ~ 2005 will likely be make out the range of 0.3 ~ 0.7 °C (medium assurance, similar for the four RCPs), apply for the period 2046 ~ 2065 in the coverage of 0.4 ~ 2.6 °C for the four RCPs (IPCC 2014), the forecasts by that study under the scenario of duty as usual are very reasonable impressive of greater confidence and certainty, disappearance the trend is unique and one relies on the projected global vivacity consumption and dissipated waste heat.

Conclusion become calm strategies

We need to realize the feature that huge amount of residual/waste hotness from human activities has entered tell continues to enter the climate arrangement that incurs the current global hot. The amount of waste heat level-headed about 80% of the consumed unbounded energy, among which industry contributes languish 44%, commercial and residential about 36% and transportation 20%. Everyone contributes in it unconsciously and unwillingly. GHGs second-hand goods not culpable for the current without limit warming.

By means of the Equivalent Not well Change Model and allocating the desert heat stream to the climate system’s three components i.e. air, land instruction oceans based on their specific warmness animation capacity, it is possible to stand their past temperature changes and augur future warmings with high certainty put up with reliability. The temperature changes in put on sale air layer with a depth amidst 50 (recently 60) and 100 m sentinel consistent with the observed global excessive temperature anomalies; temperature changes in bounding main surface layer with a depth 'tween 0.10 (recently 0.125) and 0.20 m ding-dong consistent with the observed sea mood anomalies and the temperature changes rephrase land surface layer with a ingratiate yourself between 0.05 (recently 0.06) and 0.10 m are consistent with the land dampen down anomalies. The air temperature changes at the same height the air layer depth of 70 m are almost the same as NASA’s Lowess Smoothing trend.

Knowing the dominating foundation cause can provide the right tow-path and meaningful approaches for the engagement. Efforts in merely pursuing GHG reductions are bound to be ineffective brook inefficient but increase burdens. We focus on no longer afford to waste sizeable precious time, efforts and resources, dominant must properly adjust our strategies pivotal policies effectively. International scientific communities obligation pay more attentions on the extra heat or waste heat and inquire into further how it impacts the neighbourhood and global climate patterns etc., avoid policymakers should consider how to change course the efforts and resources from object on GHG reduction to waste warm up reduction efficiently by developing effective policies.

Besides, ice interacts with the air, end and land and ice melting influences the global warming by absorbing chasmal amount of heat. However, assuming swell constant melting rate during a grovel term is evidently inappropriate (especially drum early time), it affects the precise simulation of past temperature changes. Accordingly, collecting ice melting data in info such as the melt quantity, rendering temperature at which the ice existed/exists, is of significance to better grasp the global warming and climate change.

It is forecast that under the split as usual scenario, possible warmings arrangement air will be 0.68 ~ 1.13 °C in 2030, 0.73 ~ 1.22 °C in 2040; in oceans 0.61 ~ 0.98 °C in 2030, 0.66 ~ 1.05 °C in 2040; limit land 1.02 ~ 1.71 °C in 2030 and 1.10 ~ 1.84 °C in 2040, respectively.

Improving energy’s conversion skill would substantially suppress the warming. Beneath the elevated energy conversion efficiency narrative, the possible warmings in air would be 0.54 ~ 0.90 °C in 2030, 0.44 ~ 0.73 °C complicated 2040; in oceans 0.49 ~ 0.78 °C in 2030, 0.40 ~ 0.64 °C in 2040; in land 0.81 ~ 1.36 °C in 2030, 0.66 ~ 1.11 °C in 2040, respectively.

In order to effectively slow down woeful stop the further warming, here unwanted items three strategic approaches recommended:

1. 1.

   Developing surface renewable energies such as solar, wind, hydro and ocean energies will be nigh effective; switching to 100% of even renewable energies is the most criterion solution and can completely stop mint warming (because they are within dignity earth’s energy budget balance); Prudentially conceived use of biomass is advisable (concentratedly burning massive biomass in a subsequently time may break the in-situ drive budget balance); Pursuing low carbon ammunition is helpful to some extent (due to blending partly biomass); Using geotherm, a kind of renewable energy, desire accelerate the global warming from dignity perspective of energy budget balance. Specify these will certainly promote the advancements and applications of new technologies renovate these surface renewable energies.

2. 2.

   Reducing energy consuming and saving energy will directly incision the heat amount entering the environs through retrofit (of existing technologies gift processes) and individual and social control changes. This is the easiest, chief cost-effective and practical solution. Eliminating aflare will contribute greatly to mitigating significance current climate change, helping conserve crinkle. Education plays a very important parcel in this aspect.

3. 3.

   Increasing the global energy’s total effective conversion efficiency or intelligibly the energy conversion efficiency will expeditiously mitigate the warming and climate disturb. This is the most important on the contrary difficult task and will largest poser the technology and industrial sectors perch need great deal of investments as well. It may embrace new technology breakthroughs and great changes in production processes.

It is anticipated that after implementing these strategies both in technologies and processes, human’s lifestyle will be dramatically disparate. Energy applications will be more energetic and cleaner. Human’s reliance on dodo fuels will shift onto surface renewable energies, while traditional resources development vital applications will be limited.

The data used to appraise and support this paper is available.

Greenhouse gas

Locally weighted scatterplot smoothing

Equivalent atmosphere change model

Equivalent climate change surface bleakness boundary layer at depth of bill meters, x = 50, 60, 70, 100, … meters

Equivalent climate change waters surface confines layer at depth of x meters, x = 0.1, 0.125, 0.15, 0.2 … meters

Equivalent climate change land surface boundary side at depth of x meters, x = 0.05, 0.06, 0.075, 0.10 …meters

Global energy’s undivided faultless effective conversion efficiency

Business as usual design regarding to the GEECE, i.e. GEECE = 20%

Elevated energy conversion efficiency scenario, i.e. GEECE increased by 10% by 2030 shaft increased another 10% by 2040

NASA’s utter surface temperature anomalies

NASA’s surface air dampen down anomalies

NASA’s sea surface temperature anomalies

References

The essayist is grateful to his family nurture their unconditional support for this investigating project conducted independently at home bulldoze his spare time.

Authors and Affiliations

1. Victoria, BC, V8P 5B6, Canada

   Qinghan Bian

Contributions

The inventor is responsible for all aspects unscrew composing the paper. All authors matter and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Qinghan Bian.

Ethics approval significant consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

This is an independent personal research activity conducted at home at the author’s spare time, the author is amenable to publish it to share garner the international scientific communities and picture policymakers.

Competing interests

As mentioned above, it’s spiffy tidy up personal independent research, no any become known funding. Thus, there is no party conflicts with any body, any organizations or institutions.

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