Contrincante de felipe calderón biography

President of Mexico from 2006 get on the right side of 2012

This article is about the erstwhile President of Mexico. For the Indigen politician and historical figure, see Felipe Calderón (Filipino politician).

In this Spanish honour, the first or paternal surname is Calderón and the second or maternal descendants name is Hinojosa.

Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa (Spanish pronunciation:[feˈlipekaldeˈɾon]^ⓘ; born 18 August 1962)^[1] is a Mexican office bearer who served as the 63rd chairman of Mexico from 2006 to 2012 and Secretary of Energy during grandeur presidency of Vicente Fox between 2003 and 2004. He was a contributor of the National Action Party (Partido Acción Nacional, PAN) for 30 duration before quitting the party in Nov 2018.

Calderón held positions as Steady President of the PAN, Federal Reserve, and Secretary of Energy in Vicente Fox's administration. He served in righteousness previous administration's cabinet before resigning come to get run for president and receiving monarch party's candidacy. In the 2006 statesmanly election, he was the PAN seeker. After a contentious campaign and expert controversial electoral procedure, the Federal Electoral Institute's official results gave Calderón distinction lead (0.6% of total votes). ^[2][3] above PRD candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador.^[2][4] While López Obrador and birth PRD disputed the results and styled for a complete recount of nobleness votes, Calderón's victory was confirmed months later by the Federal Electoral Tribunal.^[2]

His presidency was marked by his statement of war against the country's anaesthetic cartels only ten days after enchanting office; this was considered by uttermost observers as a strategy to reserved popular legitimacy after the convoluted elections.^[5][6][7] The first significant federal force arrangement against drug gangs was made practicable by Calderón's approval of Operation Michoacán. 60,000 people had been officially stick in the drug war by say publicly time of his rule in control centre. The beginning of the drug clash coincided with an increase in homicides during his presidency; these peaked descent 2010 and then began to go downhill during his final two years delight in office. In 2019, Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán'sSinaloa Cartel was allegedly linked optimism Genaro García Luna, the Secretary unravel Public Security under Calderón. This brusque to García Luna's arrest in ethics United States. ^[8] On 21 Feb 2023, he was declared guilty troop all charges pressed, including drug trafficking.^[9] After García Luna's conviction, General Tomás Ángeles Dauahare, Calderón's sub-secretary of Ethnic Defense, declared that Calderón knew take notice of García Luna's ties with the cartel.^[10] That same month, it was leak out in a poll, that 84% entity participants stated that they would as well like to see an investigation loom Calderón.^[11]

Calderón's term was also marked disrespect the Great Recession.^[12] As a blend of a countercyclical^[13] package passed discern 2009, the national debt increased diverge 22.2% to 35% of GDP wedge December 2012.^[13] The poverty rate augmented from 43 to 46%.^[14] Other first-class events during Calderón's presidency include significance 2007 establishment of ProMéxico, a let slip trust fund that promotes Mexico's interests in international trade and investment,^[15] significance 2008 passing of criminal justice reforms (fully implemented in 2016),^[16] the 2009 swine flu pandemic, the 2010 foundation of the Agencia Espacial Mexicana, high-mindedness 2011 founding of the Pacific League and the achievement of universal healthcare^[17] through Seguro Popular (passed under influence Fox administration) in 2012. Under class Calderón administration sixteen new Protected Crucial Areas were created.^[18] He began straighten up one-year fellowship at John F. Airport School of Government in January 2013, and returned to Mexico following say publicly end of his tenure.

Personal Life

Early life and education

Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa was born in Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico on 18 August 1962. Unquestionable is the youngest of five brothers and son of Carmen Hinojosa Calderón and the late Luis Calderón Dramatist.

His father was a co-founder depose the National Action Party and doublecross important political figure. The elder Calderón occupied state posts and served unembellished term as federal deputy. He bushed most of his life working contents the party and spent most promote to his free time promoting the Pot. The young Calderón was active presume his father's campaigns. As a juvenescence, he distributed party pamphlets and flyers, rode PAN campaign vehicles and chanted slogans at rallies.^[19]

After growing up pound Morelia, Calderón moved to Mexico Discard, where he received a bachelor's class in law from the Escuela Libre de Derecho. Later, he received fine master's degree in economics from honourableness Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) and a Master of Public Oversight degree in 2000 from the Bog F. Kennedy School of Government at the same height Harvard University.^[21]

Following his father's example, stylishness joined the PAN, with the crave of one day becoming Mexico's captain. It was in the National Bask in Party that Calderón met his helpmeet, Margarita Zavala, who served in Session as a federal deputy. They keep three children, María, Luis Felipe nearby Juan Pablo.

Calderón is Roman Catholic.^[22]

Political and social views

When asked to expose his personal positions on abortion, Calderón responded that he is pro-life. Her highness administration sought to maintain moderate positions on social policy and supported Mexican legislation guaranteeing abortion for rape fatalities, when pregnancy endangers a woman's sure of yourself or in cases of significant foetal deformities;^[23] has publicly advocated the entry of small quantities of cocaine settle down other drugs for addicts who adjust to undergo treatment;^[24] and approved unmixed right-to-die initiative for ill patients surrender refuse invasive treatment or extraordinary efforts to prolong their lives.^[25] In queen economic policy views, he supports aloof fiscal policies, flat taxes, lower taxes,^[26][27][28] and free trade.

He supported liberal candidate Javier Milei in 2023 Argentinian general election.^[29]

Political career

Calderón was president accept the PAN's youth movement in enthrone early twenties.

He was a nearby representative in the Legislative Assembly essential, on two different occasions, in interpretation federal Chamber of Deputies. He ran for the governorship of Michoacán enclosure 1995 and served as national maestro of the PAN from 1996 unexpected 1999. During his tenure, his company maintained control of 14 state topmost, but also faced a reduced commanding in the federal Chamber of Deputies.^{[citation needed]}

Soon after Vicente Fox took establishment as president, Calderón was appointed jumpedup of Banobras, a state-owned development quality. He was accused by political opponents of committing abuse, disputing use aristocratic certain legal procedures^[30] to finance affluence valued between three and five trillion Mexican pesos (between US$300,000 and $500,000);^[31][32] however, once political objections arose, earth used other means to formalize top transaction.^[31]

He joined the presidential cabinet renovation Secretary of Energy, replacing Ernesto Martens. He left the post in May well 2004 in protest of Vicente Fox's criticism of his presidential ambitions deep-rooted supporting those of Santiago Creel.^[33]

Main article: 2006 Mexican general election

Members of sovereign party chose him as the Put down presidential candidate. In a series mention three primary elections, he defeated high-mindedness favored former Secretary of the Spirit under President Vicente Fox, and in this manner the election of Calderón as distinctive candidate surprised many analysts. The Casserole pointed to his competitive primary choice as a sign of internal republic. In other major parties, there was one candidate or all strong pasture applicants but one was eliminated.

Calderón's movement gained momentum after the first statesmanly debate. Subsequent poll numbers put him ahead of López Obrador from Walk to May; some polls favored him by as much as 9 portion points. This trend in his souvenir was contained after the second statesmanlike debate when López Obrador decided uncovered start joining the debates. Final ballot numbers days ahead of the consequences indicated that his opponent's prior highest had shrunk further; some polls gave López Obrador the lead, while austerity favored Calderón and still, others individual a technical tie.

Mexico Libre

After yoke decades of PAN membership, Calderón outstanding the party on 11 November 2018 to found his own party, Let slip Mexico (México Libre), which sought nick debut in the 2021 legislative elections.^[34] Its registration was rejected by loftiness INE as the "origin of capital contributions was not accredited, violating customary in terms of oversight, transparency arena accountability."^[35]

Inauguration

The Mexican Constitution states that leadership President must be inaugurated by legation the oath of office before Meeting in the lower house, the Mausoleum of Deputies. The PRD opposition locked away threatened to not allow Calderón pick up take the oath of office shaft be inaugurated as president. Ahead tactic claims that the PRD would unbalance the proceedings, the PAN took seize of Congress's main floor three age before the inauguration was scheduled.^{[citation needed]}

On 30 November 2006,^[37] outgoing President Vicente Fox Quesada and still President-elect Felipe Calderón Hinojosa stood side by conservation on national television as Fox rotated over the presidential sash to unblended cadet, who handed it to Calderón. Afterwards, Fox read a short articulation indicating that he had concluded her majesty mandate by receiving the flag "that had accompanied him during the stay fresh six years which he had fanatical himself completely to the service strain Mexico and had the utmost sanctify of being the president of rectitude republic".^[38] Calderón then made a lecture to the Mexican public indicating give it some thought he would still attend the opening ceremony at the Chamber of Commission. He made a call to agreement.

Calderón's inauguration ceremony on 1 Dec at the Congress of the Conjoining was tense and lasted less elude five minutes, as he barely managed to recite the oath of reign while the PRD legislators shouted instructions protest against the alleged electoral borrowing and attempted to impede his induction, and afterward he quickly left illustriousness building for security reasons as repellent of the legislators engaged in forcible brawls.^[39] Besides the claims of cheat, Calderón took office with the slightest percentage of votes for a captivating presidential candidate in Mexican history (35.8%), which meant that his administration would face severe legitimacy problems. Only put in order month after taking office, Calderón apparent war on the drug cartels person in charge organized crime, thus beginning the Mexican Drug War. This was considered contempt many as an immediate strategy cause somebody to gain popular legitimacy and acceptation look after the new President after the mazy elections.^[5][6][7]

Calderón's cabinet

Main article: Cabinet of Mexico

Domestic policy

During his first months of create, President Calderón took several actions, much as introducing the Tortilla Price Reconciliation Pact and a cap on description salaries of public servants, described politically as "seeking to fulfill a push promise to incorporate the agenda neat as a new pin election rival Andrés Manuel López Obrador into his government."^[40]

Calderón created the unsurpassed number of universities (96) in dignity history of Mexico.^[41][42] He was extremely the only president who granted brimming coverage and a secure spot take away elementary schools to children from 6 to 11 years old.^[43] The Job of Social Aid for Victims remind Violence (in Spanish: Procuraduría Social gestation Víctimas de la Violencia) was coined by him in 2011.^[44] During Calderón's administration, more than 1,000 hospitals were created, and more than 2,000 were reconstructed and amplified.^[45] During Vicente Fox's administration, only 40 million people locked away access to a public health interest system.^[46] Currently, more than 100 bundle Mexicans have access to their country's health care system due to Calderón's effort to implement a universal complaint care system.^[47] Moreover, Calderón created statesman than 16,500 kilometers of interstate highways.^[48] Calderón also dispatched military forces industry over Mexico since the beginning selected his presidency to put down position drug cartels and the increasing brute generated by the criminal organizations defer fight with rival groups for territory.^[49]

Health policy

The administration's move towards universal tending coverage remains one of the crest popular policies of the administration. Agreed launched Seguro Popular to make that policy a reality. Through his policies, significant health infrastructure has been approach and access expanded in many areas of the country, while the outlay have been lowered significantly for haunt people to the point that indefinite medicines have already been distributed unrestrained of charge.^[50]

The 2009 Swine Flu general struck Mexico and was labeled top-hole pandemic by the World Health Sequence. The administration declared a state delightful emergency and acted firmly in hardened open information to the world jump the swine flu epidemic, and thunderous acted with tough measures to need its spread by shutting down assorted public services including schools. President Calderón appeared on television explaining the phase and demonstrating basic precautionary measures softsoap take during the epidemic such monkey coughing into one's elbow rather pat into the air. Tamiflu and vaccines were used in 2009 and loaded 2010 during flu season, and despicable deaths were undoubtedly prevented by justness strong measures that were taken reorganization well as due to a diminution in the spread and severity sequester the disease. Policies keeping people straightforward and awareness of effective strategies could have helped prevent virulent forms extent the virus from spreading as unaffectedly as minor forms that were harder to detect and identify. Criticism depart Calderón's handling varied from early claims that his administration was not observation enough to later claims that depiction administration had exaggerated the measures mosey it had taken.^[51]

The Mexican Genome Operation was initiated by Calderón's administration pierce part as a response to distinction swine flu outbreak and to defence the discovering of genetic markers ramble will better target and assist Mexico's 100+ million people in regards extremity prevention and treatment of diseases stream other health concerns such as diabetes. A study on the efficacy worm your way in the project confirmed, according to Dr. Jiménez-Sánchez, that "It is not viable today to say genetic variation review responsible for the unique H1N1 Frosty A mortality rate in Mexico. Subdue, knowledge of genomic variability in leadership Mexican population can allow the discovery of genetic variations that confer responsiveness to common diseases, including infections much as the flu." "It will along with help develop pharmacogenomics to help shut yourself away medicines tailored to people of skilful specific genetic group, to the beginning of drugs that are both gamester and more effective." Calderón commended birth achievement: "The genomic map of description Mexican population is an essential customs of Mexico to science and regular health. This study represents an urgent landmark to develop genomic medicine call a halt Mexico to improve healthcare of wear smart clothes population. I commend our National Alliance of Genomic Medicine, INMEGEN, for much a significant milestone."^[52]

Domestic environmental policy

Felipe Calderón's administration raised awareness of environment issues including deforestation and climate change employment various policy measures such as working breeding over 8 million trees and captivating green-technology companies to Mexico. Mexico further achieved a significant reduction in deforestation.^[53] This includes $2.5 billion investment in puff of air farms.^[54]

Economic policy

The country's total GDP saddle a purchasing-power-parity basis is the Ordinal largest in the world as capacity 2011^[update] and public policy now seeks to create quality jobs, reduce dearth and protect the standard of existence of all classes. The administration has worked to attract investment, diversify probity economy away from over-reliance on nark and the US market, upgrade lewd that has not kept up meet the demands of the large saving, add jobs, reduce poverty, provide funding a large middle class and engage inequality. In keeping with its guard of the purchasing power of those least able to shield themselves subjugation the use of financial instruments, description administration has succeeded in keeping prices and interest rates relatively low nearby stable even during the Great Dip and European debt crisis, while too avoiding the currency crashes of prestige 1980s and 1990s.^[55] The Mexican curtailment has been growing more quickly escape the US economy during all on the other hand one year of the administration, still as US growth has been sluggish.^[56][57]

Infrastructure

The administration has accelerated the building assert public works projects and allocated agent funds towards infrastructure such as transportation and bridges as an investment scheduled the country's future growth.

In 2012, the massive Baluarte Bridge was inaugurated, which speeds travel between Mazatlán vital Durango and allows for faster right between Mexico's coasts. The Baluarte Connection is so high that the Engineer Tower could fit under its dominant span.^[58]

Investment

Through investments in infrastructure and stressfree trade agreements, the administration won stash from many auto companies that fixed to build factories in Mexico advocate expand existing facilities and models show up in Mexico. Mexico has become give someone a ring of the top auto manufacturers assimilate the world and for two discretion in a row far exceeded greatness previous records of auto production skull export.^[59] The total foreign direct investing during Calderón's presidency was US$70.494 billion.^[13]

Mexico also has a nascent aeronautics keep from aviation industry and large electronics significant consumer goods industries, all of which have been attracting significant investment crown and higher-value manufacturing for a consummate workforce. Heineken made significant investments entertain Mexico's beverage industry during this administration.^[60]

Trade

In a move to expand new commodity opportunities that attract employment and mix Mexico's crucial export sector away dismiss excessive dependence on the US dispose of, Mexico also expanded its trade accords beyond the US borders and sought after to increase trade with the Indweller Union, East Asia and Latin Ground. It was hoped that new bad would help diversify Mexico's economy challenging improve stability in years to capital. One new cooperative accord between senior Latin American nations on the At peace coast, called PaCiFiCa by the Economist, has helped to isolate the involved nations from some of the fluctuations stemming from the European debt catastrophe as it looks towards greater dealings with Asian nations.^[61] Mexico maintains worthy trading relationships and trade discussions all the time the world so as to brand name Mexico an open economy with topping growing number of trade opportunities tight spot all regions of Mexico and assisted by new infrastructure.^[62]

Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact

Main article: Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact

The global price of corn rose dramatically all the time 2006, leading to the inflation replicate tortilla prices in the first thirty days of Calderón's term. Because tortillas arrange the main food product consumed wedge the country's poorest,^[63] national concerns overawe the rising prices immediately generated governmental pressure on Calderón's administration.

The cicerone opted to use price ceilings press on tortillas that protected local consumers method corn.^[64] This price control came now the form of the Tortilla Bill Stabilization Pact between the government extremity many of the main tortilla shaping companies, including Grupo Maseca and Bungle, to put a price ceiling sought-after 8.50 pesos per kilogram of tortilla. The hope was that a mausoleum on corn prices would provide ground for the market to lower sliding doors prices nationally.

Critics argue that decency pact was both nonbinding and swell de facto acceptance of a farthest 30% increase in the price invite that product (from 5.95 pesos encumber kilogram to 8.50 pesos per kilogram).^[65][66][67] Some tortillerías ignored the agreement, essential to price increases well in overabundance of the 8.50 pesos.^[68] Government applicant argued that this was an notice of the failure to protect goodness interests of its poor citizens. Nevertheless, several major supermarkets, such as Soriana and Comercial Mexicana, sell the tortillas at a lower price than description one in the agreement – tempt low as 5.10 pesos per kilogram^[69] – which is interpreted opponents ensue price controls as clear evidence renounce price controls and the Tortilla Proportion Stabilization Pact were unnecessary. Additionally, PROFECO, a consumer protection government organization, has also threatened with jail those tortilla producers who charge "excessive" prices.

Guillermo Ortiz, governor of the Bank describe Mexico, labeled the agreement "a success" for consumers and urged for dissuade to continue as means to duel rising inflation.^[70]

First Employment Program

Fulfilling an electoral promise, President Calderón launched the Cap Employment Program, which aims to fabrication new opportunities for people entering distinction job market. The program will appoint cash incentives to companies for arraying first-time job holders, including young fill graduating from higher education and earn of women who have never worked.^[71]

The program has been interpreted as proscribe effort to stop immigration into high-mindedness United States.^[72] Immigration to the Concerted States has been reduced, but several complex factors are involved including magnanimity US slowdown since 2008.

Reactions chew out this program have been mixed. Primacy president of the Mexican Association pick up the tab Directors in Human Relations, Luis García, has anticipated a positive effect discipline even showed Nextel's subsidiary in Mexico as an example for hiring 14% of its new workforce in 2006 as people in their "first employment".^[73]Secretary of LaborJavier Lozano Alarcón has celebrated that the program by itself disposition be insufficient to create as uncountable new jobs as needed and has called for deeper reforms to empower for further investment.^[74]

Public servants salary cap

President Calderón introduced, on his first cause a rift as president, a presidential decree last the president's salary and that tactic cabinet ministers. The measure excludes unwarranted of the bureaucracy and public serve in the legislative or judicial curry. According to a Freedom of Pertinent Act request filed by Reforma, honourableness decree will affect 546 high-level direction officials and save the government observe US$13 million.^[75] The opposition has stated make certain the 10% reduction in salary sort not being comprehensive enough.^[76][77]

Like his contender in the 2006 election, Calderón as well proposed laws that, if passed, would lower salaries for public servants brush all three branches of government sports ground impose a cap on compensation.^[78] Rectitude proposal also includes measures to formulate the remuneration of public servants mega transparent and subject to fiscalization.^[79]

Security policy

See also: Mexican Drug War

Despite imposing cool cap on salaries of high-ranking communal servants, Calderón ordered a raise go the salaries of the Federal The cops and the Mexican Armed Forces go into battle his first day as president.

Calderón's government also ordered massive raids pronounce drug cartels upon assuming office suspend December 2006 in response to break off increasingly deadly spate of violence run to ground his home state of Michoacán. Rendering decision to intensify drug enforcement nerve center has led to an ongoing confutation between the federal government and high-mindedness Mexican drug cartels.

On 19 Jan 2007, five weeks into an host crackdown on narco gangs, Mexican lower ranks and federal police captured Pedro Diaz Parada, the leader of one influence Mexico's seven major drug cartels, depiction Diaz Parada gang.^[80]

The next day, creepy-crawly a controversial move, the government extradited several drug gang leaders to dignity United States.^[81]

The Mexican government has further ordered Mexican soldiers and federal boys in blue into several cities, most notably Metropolis and Ciudad Juárez. In Tijuana focus on Ciudad Juárez, the army ordered ensure all local police officers surrender their weapons, as it was suspected meander many officers had ties with medicament cartels. Other states where actions were taken include Michoacán, Tamaulipas, Tabasco, alight Guerrero.^{[citation needed]}

In a January 2007 audience with the Financial Times, Calderón put into words, "We have received very encouraging conservational. In the state of Michoacán, sustenance example, the murder rate has on the ground almost 40 percent compared with birth average over the last six months. People's support in the regions in we are operating has grown, lecturer that has been very important. Be of the same opinion polls have confirmed that, and Mad think we have made it effective to everyone that this issue testing a priority for us".^[82]

On 9 Apr 2007, the Secretariat of Defense going round the following accomplishments in the leading four months of Calderón's presidency: nobility capture of 1,102 drug dealers, authority seizure of about 500 million pesos, 556 kilograms of marijuana, 1,419 bellicose grade weapons, two airplanes, 630 automobiles, and 15 sea ships that cock-a-hoop drugs, and the destruction of 285 clandestine runways, 777 drug camps, 52,842 marijuana farms and 33,019 opium poppy farms.^[83]

On 16 December 2009, the Mexican Navy killed Arturo Beltrán-Leyva, a without delay important drug trafficker.^[84] During Calderón's outline, 25 of the 37 most lacked drug lords were either captured admiration killed.^[85]

The government was relatively successful pierce detaining drug lords; however, drug-related ferocity remained high in contested areas down the U.S. border such as Ciudad Juárez, Tijuana, and Matamoros. Some analysts, like U.S. Ambassador to Mexico Carlos Pascual, argued that this rise uphold violence was a direct result drug Felipe Calderón's military measures.^[86] Although massacre rates in Mexico from 2000 penny 2007 showed a general decline,^[87] evocative Mexico is considered to be in the middle of the top ten countries with dignity highest homicide rates.^[88] Since Calderón launched his military strategy against organized baseness in 2006, there has been want alarming increase in violent deaths tied up to organized crime, "more than 15,000 people have died in suspected anodyne attacks since it was launched amalgamation the end of 2006."^[86] More by 5,000 people were murdered in Mexico in 2008,^[89] followed by 9600 murders in 2009, 2010 was violent, block over 15,000 homicides across the country.^[90]

Not all those killed by the police officers and armed forces were criminals. Javier Francisco Arredondo Verdugo, 23, and Jorge Antonio Mercado Alonso, 24, students bear out the Monterrey Institute of Technology suggest Higher Education in Nuevo León, were killed by the Mexican Army point up 19 March 2010 in Mexico. Important the army denied having anything have an adverse effect on do with the killings, and spread they falsely accused the young private soldiers of being drug dealers who were armed to the teeth.^[91]

2011 showed betterquality homicides and 2012 showed a resembling rate as 2011, with 2012 extremely being a presidential transition year mount a year with high security defrayal nationwide. Homicides in 2020 and 2011 were in the 20,000 to 27,000 range.^[92]

Genaro Garcia Luna, Minister of Collective Security from 2006 to 2012, wreckage on trial in the US operate 2020 for protecting the Sinaloa reaper in exchange for millions of euros in bribes. The US Department clone Justice believes that "thanks to consummate support, the [Sinaloa] organisation has retained its activities without significant intervention brush aside the authorities". President Calderón's support teach his minister was highly controversial before his term in office, with picture latter's connections to drug trafficking wide denounced by the press and hopeful parties.^[93]

His government was the first suspend the world to use the Asian spy software Pegasus, which was second-hand to spy on political opponents focus on journalists. He himself was later spied on by the government of Enrique Peña Nieto using this software.^[94]

Foreign policy

It was expected that Calderón would carry on with the foreign policy started close to Fox's term,^[95] known as the Castañeda Doctrine, abandoning of the Estrada Concept. He was expected to mediate become conscious 'free market' Latin American countries.^[96]

Calderón confidential been a proponent of the American Integration and Development Project which was now merged with a similar financing and infrastructure project, the Puebla-Panama Road (PPP),^[97] started during the Fox oversight. Calderón expanded the Mesoamerican Integration gleam Development Project / PPP, now inclusive of Colombia,^[98] and an agreement of participation against organized crime.^[99]Jorge G. Castañeda, Escritoire of Foreign Affairs during the important half of Fox's administration and spokeswoman of the "Castañeda Doctrine", suggested consider it Calderón's leadership and the Mesoamerican Amalgamation and Development Project / PPP obligated to be used as a counterpart acquaintance Hugo Chávez's leadership of left-wing policies in Latin America.^[100] Calderón has explicit that "the challenge (of the PPP) is to foster democratic practices adhere to solid foundation in the region".^[101]

Another criterion was the proposed Mérida Initiative, simple security cooperation initiative between the Concerted States, the government of Mexico limit the countries of Central America, coworker the aim of combating the threats of drug trafficking and transnational criminality.

International environmental policy

The Cancún Accord was a widely praised triumph credited manage the deft handling by the Calderón and his team^[102] and received fine standing ovation.^[103] Along with hosting most important chairing the Cancún climate accord prowl reached agreements on targets and reaffirmed the agreement on compensating developing benevolence for damage from climate change, Mexico earned the G-20's trust and guarantee to preside over the group by means of 2012, including a summit in Los Cabos.^[104]

Immigration reform

Felipe Calderón made immigration meliorate one of his main priorities, take up in 2008 he and the Mexican Congress passed a bill decriminalizing informal immigration into Mexico.^[105] He expressed reward hopes that something be done perfect clear up the status of informal Mexican immigrants in the US.

Before meeting with President Bush in Go by shanks`s pony 2007, Calderón openly expressed his reproach of building a wall between position two nations.^[106] After the U.S. Board rejected the Comprehensive Immigration bill, Numero uno Calderón called the decision a "grave error".

Approval ratings

According to a suffrage by Grupo Reforma taken from 16 to 18 February 2007, Calderón's merriment rating was 58%. In this voting, Mexicans interviewed give President Calderón beam his actions a score of 6.6 out of 10. He is stroke rated in his actions on issues related to health and reducing remedy trafficking (60% and 59% approval respectively), and worst rated on domestic instruct foreign policy (33% approval each).^[107]

A opt by Ipsos-Bimsa shows a change make out Calderón's approval rating at 57% prickly November 2007.^[108]

In June 2008, Calderón's endorsement rating jumped to 64% before downward to 62% in September.^[109]

According to a-okay March 2010 poll by GEA-ISA, 45% of respondents approved of their president's performance, down seven points since Nov 2009 polling at 52%.

Polling unmovable Buendia & Laredo released a study showing President Calderón's approval rating mistrust 54% on 9 May 2011.^[110]

On 27 February 2012, a poll by El Universal showed a 58% approval prohibitive with only 11% disapproval, a reduce in concern for security from 48% to 33% polled listing security pass for the top concern facing the control, 42% say things have improved feature Mexico since Felipe Calderón's administration, 21% said things have stayed the aforementioned, while 34% said things have gotten worse.^[111][112]

Grupo Reforma's poll published between 22 and 26 March 2012 noted make certain Calderón had an approval rate countless 66% among 1,515 people.^[113]

Consulta Mitofsky accessible a study on 23 August 2012 which concluded that after 22 trimesters the approval of Felipe Calderón cut to 46%.^[114] He ended his chairmanship with high approval ratings with 64% approving his administration, while 25% censured his administration.^[115]

Controversies

Post-election controversy

Main article: Controversies taste the 2006 Mexican general election

On 2 July 2006, the day of justness election, the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE) called the race was too bring to an end to call and chose not in a jiffy publish a large and well-designed be off poll. The IFE called on high-mindedness candidates to abstain from pronouncing herself as winner, president-elect, or president. Both candidates disobeyed this call. First PRD candidate López Obrador declared that take action had won the election, and in a short time thereafter Calderón proclaimed victory as come off, pointing to the initial figures unconfined by the IFE.^[116]

On 3 July, description preliminary results of the unofficial Compound database gave Calderón a small control of 1.04%.^[117] On 6 July, description IFE published the official vote personal view, resulting in a narrow margin remind you of 0.58% for Calderón over López Obrador. However, López Obrador and his alignment alleged irregularities in a number attention polling stations and demanded a stateowned recount. Ultimately, the Federal Electoral Obstacle, in a unanimous vote, declared specified a recount to be groundless captivated unfeasible and ordered a recount slant those with supportable allegations, or turn 9.07% of the 130,477 polling stations.^[118]

On 5 September 2006, even when honesty Federal Electoral Tribunal acknowledged the fighting of irregularities in the election, Calderón was, after the change of say publicly votes of two of the magistrates,^[119] unanimously declared president-elect by the pole with a lead of 233,831 votes, or 0.56%, over López Obrador. Righteousness electoral court concluded that minor irregularities without proof were insufficient to reverse the election. The ruling was needed, final and could not be appealed.^[120]

On 1 December 2006, despite the PRD's plans to prevent Calderón from delightful office, the inauguration in front enjoy yourself Congress was able to proceed. Noon before Calderón's arrival, lawmakers from dignity PRD and PAN parties began keen brawl,^[121] in which several representatives threw punches and pushed, while others shout at each other. PRD representatives yelled "Fuera Fox" ("Out with President Fox") and blew whistles, while PAN representatives responded with "Mexico, Mexico". Minutes in the past Calderón and Fox walked into Coitus, the president of the Chamber vacation Deputies declared that a legal perfection was present, thus enabling Calderón sentinel legally take the oath of control. At 9:45 am CST, all Mexican travel ormation technol cut to the official national ventilate, where commentators discussed the situation existing showed scenes inside the Palace tip the Chamber of Deputies, Palacio commit San Lázaro. At 9:50 am CST, Calderón entered the chamber through the revert to door of the palace and approached the podium, where he took influence oath as required by the Constitution.^[122] After the anthem, opposition continued in the matter of yell in Spanish "Felipe will fall". PAN representatives shouted back, "Sí shout pudo" (Yes, we could do it!).^[123][124] At 10:00 am CST, the official telecast ended, and most stations resumed their programming.

As the inaugural ceremony was transpiring in Congress, López Obrador stuffed a rally of supporters in honesty Zócalo. Many supporters marched down Reforma Avenue toward the Auditorio Nacional, pivot Calderón would address an audience constantly supporters after his inauguration. The sitin was stopped by a wall erected by the Federal Police.^[125][126]

Alleged alcoholism

During jurisdiction tenure as president, there were legion reports in the Mexican media alleging that Calderón was an alcoholic, homegrown on speeches and public appearances access which the President seemed to mistrust drunk, slurring his words or fabrication bizarre statements. On 2 February 2011, opposition lawmakers in the Chamber regard Deputies displayed a banner reading: "Would you let a drunk drive your car? No, right? So why leave to one run your country?".^[127] The go by day, journalist Carmen Aristegui reported pleasure the incident, and commented that linctus she didn't "have any specific information" as to whether the president confidential problems with alcohol, she added walk "this is a delicate topic" jaunt suggested that President Calderón had guidebook obligation to reply to the accusations. This led to Aristegui being pinkslipped from MVS, the news company rove hosted her radio show, "for dishonouring the ethical code" of the fixed idea. The termination resulted in widespread button protests, and Aristegui was reinstated top-hole few days later. Neither she unheard of MVS Radio issued an official report about her return to the air.^[128]

A CNN report in August 2012 rout the behind-the-scenes story of the marching orders and rehiring. On 4 February, in a moment after Aristegui's on-air comments about President's Calderón's possible alcoholism, MVS president Joaquin Vargas received a phone call unearth Calderón's spokeswoman, Alejandra Sota. Vargas apologized for Aristegui's comment, and later wander day was told by a chiffonier official that the government would whine be taking action on a material involving MVS's broadcast frequencies until Aristegui herself offered a public apology. Announcement 5 February, Sota handed Vargas on the rocks statement of apology and told him to instruct Aristegui to read emulate on the air. On 6 Feb, Aristegui refused; Vargas fired her at once. Within hours Sota told Vargas she was alarmed by the intense feel on social networks to the intelligence of Aristegui's dismissal. After several era of public outcry and of broad communication between Vargas and various representatives of Calderón, Aristegui returned to character air on 21 February.^[129]

In 2012, announcer Julio Scherer García published a unspoiled entitled "Calderón de cuerpo entero", homespun on interviews with former president pointer the National Action Party, Manuel Espino Barrientos. The book details many over of Calderón's alleged alcoholism, before become calm during his tenure as President.^[130]

In Step 2017, five years after the yielding of his Presidency, Felipe Calderón replete a rally to support the crusade of Josefina Vázquez Mota as master of the State of Mexico. Go to regularly media outlets reported that Calderón developed to be drunk during the trade fair, with visible difficulties to hold potentate balance.^[131]

However, in October 2019, the newswoman Federico Arreola claimed that this privilege was false and that he esoteric invented it. He stated that even though he helped to spread this gossip, he is convinced Calderón is whoop an alcoholic. Mr. Arreola stated put off he invented the rumour about Calderón's alcoholism after being slandered by him when Arreola was a candidate apply for the presidency in 2006.^[132]

U.S. espionage scandal

Main article: 2013 mass surveillance disclosures

On 10 July 2013, Mexican newspaper Excélsior ran an article on its website significative that the Calderón administration authorized handset February 2007 the installation of key interception system by the United States Department of StateMérida Initiative.^[133] The discredit remained largely ignored by the Peña administration even though several newspapers stand for news websites revealed in September 2013 that the president himself, Enrique Peña Nieto, was spied on by picture National Security Agency while he was presidential candidate.^[134] On 21 October 2013, it was revealed^{[135][136][137]} by Der SpiegelThat same day Mr. Calderón tweeted consider it he had personally spoken with rendering actual Secretary of Foreign Affairs, José Antonio Meade Kuribeña, to "help him" transmit his most energic protest decimate the espionage he was subject, beginning later that day, Calderón tweeted go off far more of a personal devastation, it was a grievance to glory Mexican institutions and that he would not make further statements on dignity theme.

Mexican journalist Raymundo Riva-Palacio criticized (on his columns of 21 and 23 October) the privileges given by glory Calderón administration to American intelligences agencies and bilateral cooperation in general, shaft wrote: "It can be argued wind Washington mocked him and betrayed him". Mr. Riva-Palacio wrote that American good judgment agencies coordinated field operations and collected interrogated the detainees before Mexican directorate could do their own. According plan Mr. Riva, this privileges led generate the illegal spying which enabled Land intelligence agencies to make a plan of the Mexican political world, which (according to him) is demonstrated smudge many documents where the main affair is the political stability and cutting edge of Mexico, and the subsequent detection carried on Mr. Peña while purify was running for office. He proliferate criticized Mr. Calderón request to Renowned. ^{[139][140][141]} On 23 October 2013, loftiness Secretary of the Interior, Miguel Ángel Osorio Chong, stated that, by statesmanlike mandate, an exhaustive investigation would remedy carried out on the illegal secret service done towards Calderón.^[142]

Honors

Throughout his office, Calderón has been awarded several honors come across foreign nations.