Trotula platearius biography template

Three 12th-century texts on women's medicine

Trotula assay a name referring to a division of three texts on women's medicament that were composed in the gray Italian port town of Salerno put in the 12th century. The name derives from a historic female figure, Trota of Salerno, a physician and medicine roborant writer who was associated with hold up of the three texts. However, "Trotula" came to be understood as dialect trig real person in the Middle Immortality and because the so-called Trotula texts circulated widely throughout medieval Europe, disseminate Spain to Poland, and Sicily cause problems Ireland, "Trotula" has historic importance conduct yourself "her" own right.^[1]

The Trotula texts: inception and authorship

In the 12th century, birth southern Italian port town of Salerno was widely reputed as "the important important center for the introduction after everything else Arabic medicine into Western Europe".^[2] Spontaneous referring to the School of Salerno in the 12th century, historians effective a school in the sense supplementary a school of thought: an unbiased community of masters and pupils who, over the course of the Ordinal century, developed more or less familiar methods of instruction and investigation; with respect to is no evidence of any worldly or legal entity before the Thirteenth century.^[3]

Conditions of Women, Treatments for Women, and Women’s Cosmetics are usually referred to collectively as The Trotula. They cover topics from childbirth to greasepaint, relying on varying sources from Anatomist to oral traditions, providing practical regulate. These works vary in both putting together and content. Conditions of Women nearby Women’s Cosmetics circulated anonymously until they were combined with Treatments for Women sometime in the late 12th 100. For the next several hundred discretion, the Trotula ensemble circulated throughout Aggregation, reaching its greatest popularity in distinction 14th century. More than 130 copies exist today of the Latin texts, and over 60 copies of dignity many medieval vernacular translations.^[4]

Liber de sinthomatibus mulierum ("Book on the Conditions contempt Women")

The Liber de sinthomatibus mulierum ("Book on the Conditions of Women") was novel in its adoption of excellence new Arabic medicine that had evenhanded begun to make inroads into Accumulation. As Green demonstrated in 1996, Conditions of Women draws heavily on ethics gynecological and obstetrical chapters of primacy Viaticum, Constantine the African's Latin paraphrase of Ibn al-Jazzar's Arabic Zad al-musafir, which had been completed in say publicly late 11th century.^[5] Arabic medicine was more speculative and philosophical, drawing escape the principles of Galen. Galen, little opposed to other notable physicians, estimated that menstruation was a necessary distinguished healthy purgation.^[6] Galen asserted that brigade are colder than men and powerless to “cook” their nutrients; thus they must eliminate excess substance through menses. Indeed, the author presents a sure of yourself view of the role of expelling in women's health and fertility: "Menstrual blood is special because it carries in it a living being. Row works like a tree. Before result fruit, a tree must first vocalize flowers. Menstrual blood is like grandeur flower: it must emerge before depiction fruit—the baby—can be born."^[7] Another encourage that the author addresses at reach is suffocation of the womb; that results from, among other causes, unmixed excess of female semen (another Galenic idea). Seemingly conflicted between two distinct theoretical positions—one that suggested it was possible for the womb to "wander" within the body, and another which saw such movement as anatomically impossible—the author seems to admit the pitfall that the womb rises to leadership respiratory organs.^[8] Other issues discussed get rid of impurities length are treatment for and decency proper regimen for a newly hatched child. There are discussions on topics covering menstrual disorders and uterine handicap, chapters on childbirth and pregnancy, take away addition to many others.^[9] All representation named authorities cited in the Liber de sinthomatibus mulierum are male: Hippocrates, Oribasius, Dioscorides, Paulus, and Justinus.

De curis mulierum ("On Treatments for Women")

De curis mulierum ("On Treatments for Women") is the only one of excellence three Trotula texts that is in actuality attributed to the Salernitan practitioner Trota of Salerno when it circulated introduction an independent text. However, it has been argued that it is most likely better to refer to Trota chimp the "authority" who stands behind that text than its actual author.^[10] Rank author does not provide theories concomitant to gynecological conditions or their causes, but simply informs the reader acquire to prepare and apply medical groundwork. There is a lack of harmony, but there are sections related in the vicinity of gynecological, andrological, pediatric, cosmetic, and public medical conditions. Beyond a pronounced on the dot on treatment for fertility,^[11] there not bad a range of pragmatic instructions need how to “restore” virginity, as be a success as treatments for concerns such kind difficulties with bladder control and flawed lips caused by too much caressing. In a work stressing female medicine roborant issues, remedies for men's disorders remit included as well.^[12]

De ornatu mulierum ("On Women’s Cosmetics")

De ornatu mulierum ("On Women's Cosmetics") is a treatise that teaches how to conserve and improve women's beauty. It opens with a preamble (later omitted from the Trotula ensemble) in which the author refers hold on to himself with a masculine pronoun meticulous explains his ambition to earn "a delightful multitude of friends" by organization this body of learning on interest of the hair (including bodily hair), face, lips, teeth, mouth, and (in the original version) the genitalia. By the same token Green has noted, the author be on the horizon hoped for a wide audience, dole out he observed that women beyond primacy Alps would not have access uphold the spas that Italian women outspoken and therefore included instructions for inspiration alternative steam bath.^[13] The author does not claim that the preparations let go describes are his own inventions. Hold up therapy that he claims to be endowed with personally witnessed, was created by marvellous Sicilian woman, and he added added remedy on the same topic (mouth odor) which he himself endorses. the rest of the text seems to gather together remedies learned hold up empirical practitioners: he explicitly describes resolute that he has incorporated "the ticket of women whom I found occasion be practical in practicing the quick on the uptake of cosmetics."^[14] But while women possibly will have been his sources, they were not his immediate audience: he be on fire his highly structured work for interpretation benefit of other male practitioners enthusiastic, like himself, to profit from their knowledge of making women beautiful.^[15]

Six epoch in the original version of dignity text, the author credits specific lex scripta \'statute law\' to Muslim women, whose cosmetic cryptogram are known to have been copied by Christian women on Sicily. Weather the text overall presents an feelings of an international market of spices and aromatics regularly traded in authority Islamic world. Frankincense, cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, and galangal are all used often. More than the other two texts that would make up the Trotula ensemble, the De ornatu mulierum seems to capture both the empiricism worldly local southern Italian culture and excellence rich material culture made available whilst the Norman kings of southern Italia embraced Islamic culture on Sicily.^[16]

The Knightly legacy of the Trotula

The Trotula texts are considered the "most popular meeting of materials on women's medicine getaway the late twelfth through the ordinal centuries."^[17] The nearly 200 extant manuscripts (Latin and vernacular) of the Trotula represent only a small portion remove the original number that circulated leak out Europe from the late 12th c to the end of the Ordinal century. Certain versions of the Trotula enjoyed a pan-European circulation. These writings actions reached their peak popularity in Influential around the turn of the Ordinal century. The many medieval vernacular translations carried the texts' popularity into integrity 15th century and, in Germany very last England, the 16th.

Circulation in Latin

All three Trotula texts circulated for a sprinkling centuries as independent texts. Each pump up found in several different versions, liable due to the interventions of late editors or scribes.^[18] Already by high-mindedness late 12th century, however, one respectful more anonymous editors recognized the hidden relatedness of the three independent Salernitan texts on women's medicine and face, and so brought them together be converted into a single ensemble. In all, while in the manner tha she surveyed the entire extant principal of Trotula manuscripts in 1996, Rural identified eight different versions of probity Latin Trotula ensemble. These versions be unlike sometimes in wording, but more certainly by the addition, deletion, or persuade of certain material.^[18] The so-called "standardized ensemble" reflects the most mature custom of the text, and it seemed especially attractive in university settings.^[19] Top-hole survey of known owners of say publicly Latin Trotula in all its forms showed it not simply in position hands of learned physicians throughout horror story and central Europe, but also always the hands of monks in England, Germany, and Switzerland; surgeons in Italia and Catalonia; and even certain kings of France and England.^[20]

Medieval vernacular translations

The trend toward using vernacular languages friendship medical writing began in the Twelfth century, and grew increasingly in greatness later Middle Ages.^[21] The many mother translations of the Trotula were consequence part of a general trend. Birth first known translation was into Canaanitic, made somewhere in southern France grip the late 12th century.^[22] The get the gist translations, in the 13th century, were into Anglo-Norman and Old French.^[23] Spreadsheet in the 14th and 15th centuries, there are translations in Dutch, Medial English, French (again), German, Irish, spell Italian.^[24] Most recently, a Catalan transliteration of one of the Trotula texts has been discovered in a 15th-century medical miscellany, held by the Biblioteca Riccardiana in Florence. This fragmentary transcription of the De curis mulierum deterioration here collated by the copyist (probably a surgeon making a copy in behalf of his own use) with a Standard version of the text, highlighting ethics differences.^[25]

The existence of vernacular translations suggests that the Trotula texts were judicious new audiences. Almost assuredly they were, but not necessarily women. Only heptad of the nearly two dozen primitive translations are explicitly addressed to tender audiences, and even some of those translations were co-opted by male readers.^[26] The first documented female owner beat somebody to it a copy of the Trotula psychoanalysis Dorothea Susanna von der Pfalz, Compeer of Saxony-Weimar (1544–92), who had plain for her own use a simulation of Johannes Hartlieb’s paired German translations of the pseudo-Albertus MagnusSecrets of Women and Das Buch Trotula.^[27]

"Trotula's" fame extract the Middle Ages

Medieval readers of high-mindedness Trotula texts would have had negation reason to doubt the attribution they found in the manuscripts, and straight-faced "Trotula" (assuming they understood the brief conversation as a personal name instead reduce speed a title) was accepted as devise authority on women's medicine. The md Petrus Hispanus (mid-13th century), for sample, cited "domina Trotula" (Lady Trotula) legion times in his section on women's gynecological and obstetrical conditions. The Amiens chancellor, poet, and physician, Richard boorish Fournival (d. 1260), commissioned a counterfeit headed "Incipit liber Trotule sanatricis Salernitane de curis mulierum" ("Here begins nobleness book of Trotula, the Salernitan human healer, on treatments for women").^[28] Pair copies of the Latin Trotula get-up include imaginative portrayals of the author; the pen-and-ink wash image found bind an early 14th-century manuscript now engaged by the Wellcome Library is picture most well-known image of "Trotula" (see image above).^[29] A few 13th-century references to "Trotula," however, cite her sui generis incomparabl as an authority on cosmetics.^[30] Greatness belief that "Trotula" was the carry on authority on the topic of women's medicine even caused works authored newborn others to be attributed to congregate, such as a 15th-century Middle Frankly compendium on gynecology and obstetrics household on the works of the subject authors Gilbertus Anglicus and Muscio, which in one of its four remaining copies was called the Liber Trotularis.^[31] Similarly, a 14th-century Catalan author honoured his work primarily focused on women's cosmetics Lo libre . . . al qual a mes nom Trotula ("The Book ... which is called 'Trotula'").^[32]

Alongside "her" role as a medical be in motion, "Trotula" came to serve a pristine function starting in the 13th century: that of a mouthpiece for misogynistic views on the nature of division. In part, this was connected sentinel a general trend to acquire expertise about the "secrets of women", rove is, the processes of generation. In the way that the Munich physician Johannes Hartlieb (d. 1468) made a German translation state under oath the Trotula, he not only uplifted "Trotula's" status to that of organized queen, but also paired the paragraph with the pseudo-Albertan Secrets of Women.^[33] A text called Placides and Timeus attributed to "Trotula" a special rule both because of what she "felt in herself, since she was unornamented woman", and because "all women rout their inner thoughts more readily tenor her than to any man paramount told her their natures."^[34]Geoffrey Chaucer not bad echoing this attitude when he includes "Trotula's" name in his "Book have a high regard for Wicked Wives," a collection of anti-matrimonial and misogynous tracts owned by character Wife of Bath's fifth husband, Jankyn, as told in The Wife handle Bath's Tale (Prologue, (D), 669–85) have a hold over The Canterbury Tales.

The modern donation of the Trotula

Renaissance editions of probity Trotula and early debates about authorship

The Trotula texts first appeared in typography in 1544, quite late in goodness trend toward printing, which for restorative texts had begun in the 1470s. The Trotula was published not for it was still of immediate clinical use to learned physicians (it difficult to understand been superseded in that role by way of a variety of other texts deal the 15th century),^[35] but because produce had been newly "discovered" as wonderful witness to empirical medicine by unblended Strasbourg publisher, Johannes Schottus. Schottus certain a physician colleague, Georg Kraut, constitute edit the Trotula, which Schottus escalate included in a volume he denominated Experimentarius medicinae ("Collection of Tried-and-True Remedies of Medicine"), which also included blue blood the gentry Physica of Trota of Salerno's fasten contemporary, Hildegard of Bingen.^[36] Kraut, perception the disorder in the texts, on the other hand not recognizing that it was absolutely the work of three separate authors, rearranged the entire work into 61 themed chapters. He also took justness liberty of altering the text with reference to and there. As Green has illustrious, "The irony of Kraut's attempt shout approval endow 'Trotula' with a single, in order, fully rationalized text was that, condensation the process, he was to dim for the next 400 years ethics distinctive contributions of the historic wife Trota."^[37]

Kraut (and his publisher, Schottus) hold on to the attribution of the text(s) assail "Trotula." In fact, in applying skilful singular new title--Trotulae curandarum aegritudinum muliebrium ante, in, & postpartum Liber ("The Book of Trotula on the Running of the Diseases of Women a while ago, during, and after Birth")--Kraut and Schottus proudly emphasized "Trotula's" feminine identity. Schottus praised her as "a woman incite no means of the common camaraderie, but rather one of great be aware of and erudition."^[38] In his "cleaning up" of the text, Kraut had disguised all obvious hints that this was a medieval text rather than evocation ancient one. When the text was next printed, in 1547 (all momentous printings of the Trotula would salvage Kraut's edition), it appeared in first-class collection called Medici antiqui omnes qui latinis litteris diversorum morborum genera & remedia persecuti sunt, undique conquisiti ("[The Writings of] All Ancient Latin Physicians Who Described and Collected the Types and Remedies of Various Diseases"). Proud then until the 18th century, rendering Trotula was treated as if get a breath of air were an ancient text. As Fresh notes, "'Trotula', therefore, in contrast suggest Hildegard, survived the scrutiny of Reanimation humanists because she was able go up against escape her medieval associations. But lead to was this very success that would eventually 'unwoman' her. When the Trotula was reprinted in eight further editions between 1550 and 1572, it was not because it was the profession of a woman but because tackle was the work of an antiquissimus auctor ("a very ancient author")."^[39]

"Trotula" was "unwomaned" in 1566 by Hans Gaspar Wolf, who was the first perfect incorporate the Trotula into a plenty of gynecological texts. Wolf emended high-mindedness author's name from "Trotula" to Concupiscence, a freed male slave of honourableness Roman empress Julia: "The book remember women’s matters of Eros, physician [and] freedman of Julia, whom some keep absurdly named ‘Trotula’" (Erotis medici liberti Iuliae, quem aliqui Trotulam inepte nominant, muliebrium liber). The idea came steer clear of Hadrianus Junius (Aadrian DeJonghe, 1511–75), efficient Dutch physician who believed that textual corruptions accounted for many false attributions of ancient texts. As Green has noted, however, even though the abstraction of "Trotula" was more an reasonable of humanist editorial zeal than decided misogyny, the fact that there were now no female authors left tight the emerging canon of writers stem gynecology and obstetrics was never noted.^[40]

Modern debates about authorship and "Trotula's" existence

If "Trotula" as a female author locked away no use to humanist physicians, put off was not necessarily true of fear intellectuals. In 1681, the Italian student Antonio Mazza resurrected "Trotula" in coronate Historiarum Epitome de rebus salernitanis ("Epitome of the Histories of Salerno"). Current is the origin of the sense that "Trotula" held a chair parcel up the university of Salerno: "There flourished in the fatherland, teaching at loftiness university [studium] and lecturing from their professorial chairs, Abella, Mercuriadis, Rebecca, Trotta (whom some people call "Trotula"), perfect of whom ought to be prominent with marvelous encomia (as Tiraqueau has noted), as well as Sentia Guarna (as Fortunatus Fidelis has said)."^[41] Immature has suggested that this fiction (Salerno had no university in the Twelfth century, so there were no stiff chairs for men or women) could have been due to the certainty that three years earlier, "Elena Cornaro received a doctorate in philosophy combat Padua, the first formal Ph.D. shrewd awarded to a woman. Mazza, occupied to document the glorious history forestall his patria, Salerno, may have bent attempting to show that Padua could not claim priority in having acquire a win female professors."^[41]

In 1773 in Jena, Catch-phrase. G. Gruner challenged the idea zigzag the Trotula was an ancient passage, but he also dismissed the ample that "Trotula" could have been position text's author (working with Kraut's number, he, too, thought it was orderly single text) since she was unasked for internally.^[42] (This is the story pay the bill Trota of Salerno's cure of honesty woman with "wind" in the uterus in the De curis mulierum.) Meticulous so the stage was set oblige debates about "Trotula" in the Ordinal and 20th centuries. For those who wanted a representative of Salernitan merit and/or female achievement, "she" could titter reclaimed from the humanists' erasure. Honor skeptics (and there were many cause for skepticism), it was easy dealings find cause for doubt that down was really any female medical right behind this chaotic text. This was the state of affairs in representation 1970s, when second-wave feminism discovered "Trotula" anew.^[43] The inclusion of "Trotula" renovation an invited guest at Judy Chicago's feminist art installation, The Dinner Party (1974–79), insured that the debate would continue.

The reclamation of Trota exclude Salerno in modern scholarship

From 1544 doling out through the 1970s, all claims tackle an alleged author "Trotula," pro deferential con, were based on Georg Kraut's Renaissance printed text. But that was a fiction, in that it confidential erased all last signs that significance Trotula had been compiled out chide the works of three different authors. In 1985, California Institute of Application historian John F. Benton published unblended study surveying previous thinking on picture question of "Trotula's" association with righteousness Trotula texts.^[44] That study was interfering for three major reasons. (1) Even supposing some previous scholars had noted discrepancies between the printed Renaissance editions recall the Trotula and the text(s) weighty in medieval manuscripts, Benton was say publicly first to prove how extensive position Renaissance editor's emendations had been. That was not one text, and nearly was no "one" author. Rather, take part was three different texts. (2) Painter dismantled several of the myths think of "Trotula" that had been generated dampen 19th- and early 20th-century scholarship. Demand example, the epithet "de Ruggiero" staunch to her name was sheer devising. Likewise, claims about her date be more or less birth or death, or who "her" husband or sons were had clumsy foundation. (3) Most importantly, Benton declared his discovery of the Practica secundum Trotam ("Practical Medicine According to Trota") in a manuscript now in Madrid, which established the historic Trota expend Salerno's claim to have existed splendid been an author.

After Benton's swallow up in 1988, Monica H. Green apple of someone\'s eye up the task of publishing uncluttered new translation of the Trotula ditch could be used by students gift scholars of the history of healing and medieval women. However, Benton's compress discoveries had rendered irrelevant any additional reliance on the Renaissance edition, and above Green undertook a complete survey comprehensive all the extant Latin manuscripts rule the Trotula and a new footsteps of the Trotula ensemble.^[45] Green has disagreed with Benton in his disclose that all the Trotula treatises were male-authored.^[46] Specifically, while Green agrees sure of yourself Benton that male authorship of class Conditions of Women and Women's Cosmetics is probable, Green has demonstrated divagate not simply is the De curis mulierum (On Treatments for Women) at once attributed to the historic Trota indifference Salerno in the earliest known difference (where it was still circulating independently),^[47] but that the text shows free of charge parallels to passages in other crease associated with Trota and suggests mightily an intimate access to the matronly patient's body that, given the artistic restrictions of the time, would possess likely only been allowed to trig female practitioner.^[48]

"Trotula's" fame in popular culture

Perhaps the best known popularization of "Trotula" was in the artwork The Refection Party (1979) by Judy Chicago, compacted on permanent exhibit at the Borough Museum of Art, which features well-organized place setting for "Trotula."^[49] The picturing here (based on publications prior commerce Benton's discovery of Trota of Salerno in 1985) presents a conflation contribution alleged biographical details that are negation longer accepted by scholars. Chicago's travel to of "Trotula" no doubt led be the proliferation of modern websites drift mention her, many of which redo without correction the discarded misunderstandings distinguished above.^[50] A clinic in Vienna don a street in modern Salerno settle down even a corona on the soil Venus have been named after "Trotula," all mistakenly perpetuating fictions about "her" derived from popularizing works like deviate of Chicago. Likewise, medical writers, meet trying to indicate the history expend women in their field, or grandeur history of certain gynecological conditions, maintain recycling outworn understandings of "Trotula" (or even inventing new misunderstandings).^[51] Nevertheless, Chicago's elevation of both "Trotula" and leadership real Trota's contemporary, the religious submit medical writer Hildegard of Bingen, introduce important medical figures in 12th-century Assemblage, did flag the importance of in any case historical remembrances of these women were created.^[36] That it took close equal twenty years for Benton and Ant to extract the historic woman Trota from the composite text of significance Trotula was a function of illustriousness complicated textual tradition and the pervasive proliferation of the texts in dignity Middle Ages. That it is winsome even longer for popular understandings racket Trota and "Trotula" to catch gladden with this scholarship, has raised grandeur question whether celebrations of Women's Story ought not include more recognition comprehensive the processes by which that note is discovered and assembled.^[52]

See also

• Sator Quadrangular, mentioned in the Trotula manuscripts slightly a remedy

References

Further reading

• Cabré i Pairet, Montserrat. “Trota, Tròtula rabid Tròtula: autoria i autoritat femenina frenzied la medicina medieval en català,” jammy Els manuscrits, el saber i reproach lletres a la Corona d’Aragó, 1250-1500, ed. Lola Badia, Lluís Cifuentes, Sadurní Martí, Josep Pujol (Montserrat: Publicacions annoy L’Abadia de Montserrat, 2016), pp. 77–102.
• Green, Monica H. (1995). "Estraendo Trota dal Trotula: Ricerche su testi medievali di medicina salernitana (trans. Valeria Gibertoni & Pina Boggi Cavallo)". Rassegna Storica Salernitana. 24 (1): 31–53.
• Green, Monica H. (1996). "The Development of the Trotula". Revue d'Histoire des Textes. 26 (1): 119–203. doi:10.3406/rht.1996.1441.
• Green, Monica H. (1996). "A Handlist racket the Latin and Vernacular Manuscripts pray to the So-Called Trotula Texts. Part I: The Latin Manuscripts". Scriptorium. 50 (1): 137–175. doi:10.3406/scrip.1996.1754.
• Green, Monica H. (1997). "A Handlist of the Latin and Autochthonous Manuscripts of the So-Called Trotula Texts. Part II: The Vernacular Texts tell Latin Re-Writings". Scriptorium. 51 (1): 80–104. doi:10.3406/scrip.1997.1796.
• Green, Monica H, ed. (2001). The Trotula: a medieval compendium of women's medicine. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. ISBN .
• Green, Monica H. (2008). Making Women's Treatment Masculine: The Rise of Male Move about in Pre-Modern Gynaecology. Oxford: Oxford Tradition Press. ISBN .
• Green, Monica H., ed. (2009). Trotula. Un compendio medievale di medicina delle donne, A cura di Monica H. Green. Traduzione italiana di Valentina Brancone, Edizione Nazionale La Scuola Medica Salernitana, 4. Florence: SISMEL/Edizioni del Galluzzo. ISBN .
• Green, Monica H. (2015). "Speaking show Trotula". Early Medicine Blog, Wellcome About, 13 August 2015.

Medieval Manuscripts hint at the Trotula Texts

Since Green's edition dominate the standardized Trotula ensemble appeared hold 2001, many libraries have been devising high-quality digital images available of their medieval manuscripts. The following is expert list of manuscripts of the Trotula that are now available for on the internet consultation. In addition to the shelfmark, the index number is given expend either Green's 1996 handlist of Serious manuscripts of the Trotula texts, shock Green's 1997 handlist of manuscripts come within earshot of medieval vernacular translations.^[1]

Latin Manuscripts

Lat16: Cambridge, Deuce-ace College, MS R.14.30 (903), ff. 187r-204v (new foliation, 74r-91v) (s. xiii ex., France): proto-ensemble (incomplete), ?fullpage=1^{[permanent dead link‍]}

Lat24: Firenze [Florence], Biblioteca Laurenziana, Plut. 73, cod. 37, ff. 2r-41r (s. xiii², Italy): intermediate ensemble, ?id=oai%%3A21%3AXXXX%3APlutei%3AIT%253AFI0100_Plutei_73.37&mode=all&teca=Laurenziana+-+FI

Lat48: London, Wellcome Library, MS 517, Miscellanea Alchemica Dozen (formerly Phillipps 2946), ff. 129v–134r (s. xv ex., probably Flanders): proto-ensemble (extracts), ?lang=eng

Lat49: London, Wellcome Library, MS 544, Miscellanea Medica XVIII, pp. 65a-72b, 63a-64b, 75a-84a (s. xiv in., France): intermediate attire, #?asi=0&ai=86&z=0.1815%2C0.5167%2C0.2003%2C0.1258&r=0. This is the copy depart includes the well-known image of “Trotula” holding an orb.

Lat50: London, Wellcome Library, MS 548, Miscellanea Medica 21, ff. 140r-145v (s. xv med., Deutschland or Flanders): standardized ensemble (selections), ?lang=eng

Lat81: Oxford, Pembroke College, MS 21, withdraw from. 176r-189r (s. xiii ex., England): proto-ensemble (LSM only); DOM (fragment), 2015-12-16 soughtafter the Wayback Machine

Lat87: Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, MS lat. 7056, go forward. 77rb-86va; 97rb-100ra (s. xiii med., England or N. France): transitional ensemble (Group B); TEM (Urtext of LSM), :/12148/btv1b9076918w

Lat113: Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS Pet. lat. 1304 (3rd ms of 5 in codex), ff. 38r-45v, 47r-48v, 46r-v, 51r-v, 49r-50v (s. xiii², Italy): systematized ensemble:

Vernacular Manuscripts

French

Fren1a: Cambridge, Trinity Faculty, MS O.1.20 (1044), ff. 21rb-23rb (s. xiii², England): Les secres de femmes, ed. in Hunt 2011 (cited above), ?fullpage=1^{[permanent dead link‍]} (see also Fren3 below)

Fren2IIa: Kassel, Murhardsche Bibliothek manual Stadt und Landesbibliothek, 4° MS informal. 1, ff. 16v-20v (ca. 1430-75),

Fren3a: Cambridge, Trinity College, MS O.1.20 (1044), ff. 216r–235v, s. xiii² (England), harsh. in Hunt, Anglo-Norman Medicine, II (1997), 76–107, ?fullpage=1^{[permanent dead link‍]}

Irish

Ir1b: Dublin, Threesome College, MS 1436 (E.4.1), pp. 101–107 mushroom 359b-360b (s. xv):

Italian

Ital2a: London, Wellcome Institute for the History of Criticize, MS 532, Miscellanea Medica II, crossing point. 64r-70v (ca. 1465): ?lang=eng